Holiday Customs in Victorian England :: essays research papers

Holiday Customs in Victorian England Although Christ's Nativity has been celebrated since the 4th century, most of the English customs we are familiar with today are as recent as the mid-19th century. Many of the early ceremonies were started with pagan beliefs. â€Å"The Protestant Reformation condemned most of these pagan customs as superstitious and banned public celebrations of Christmas.† Michelle J. Hoppe. It wasn't until Prince Albert married Queen Victoria and brought many German customs with him that Christmas began to gain popularity again. â€Å"One of the first signs of Christmas was the arrival of the Christmas card in the post. John Calcott Horsley designed the first Christmas card in 1846 for Sir Henry Cole, Chairman of the Society of the Arts. Only 1000 cards were printed that first year and were expensive, but the pattern for the future was formed.† Encyclopedia. Then in 1870, postage was reduced. Thus began the real spread of the Christmas card. By the early 1870s, the custom had reached the United States. Christmas decorations sometimes appeared well before the holiday, also, but many still held to the old superstition that it was bad luck to put up a evergreen (Christmas Tree) before Christmas Eve. †The most favored plants were all 'magical' because of the mid-winter berries they produced--mistletoe, holly and ivy. The red berry of the holly was believed to protect one against witchcraft.† Encyclopedia. The sprig had to be carried into the house by a male, as the berry is on the 'male' holly plant. One use for holly sprigs was to decorate the Christmas pudding. The 'female' ivy symbolized immortality. â€Å"Mistletoe, because of its pagan origins, was not allowed in any church. Kissing under the mistletoe was English custom and only as many berries as were on the mistletoe, could there be kisses. For after every kiss, a berry had to be removed from the sprig.† English Customs. The Christmas tree can truly be called a Victorian innovation. The custom of a lighted tree began in Germany then made its way to America. â€Å"It wasn't until Prince Albert, of German descent, brought the Christmas tree to England in 1840 that it gained popularity there. By 1847, the trees at Windsor Castle were laden with presents as well as wax candles.† Michelle J. Hoppe. The tradition spread as English citizens followed the Royal example. The trees and other decorations were removed on Twelfth Night (January 6).

Dbq 13 Industrial Revolution Beginnings

Several different aspects helped contribute to the start of the Industrial Revolution in England. Three major reasons were improved methods of farming methods, England’s abundant amount of natural resources, and the joining together of workers in factories. These all helped England to thrive in industry and soon start a revolution. Agricultural changes greatly impacted the start of the Industrial Revolution in England. Farming methods and inventions helped inspire the creation of inventions that would soon industrialize England.Inventions such as the seed drill and mechanical reaper helped make farming more efficient by making harvesting and planting much easier. (Doc. 7) Enclosure brought forth a great increase in farm output and profits. It created a mass production of goods. Farming was improved through the use of crop rotation, enclosure, the growing of turnips and the division on farms across the country. This improvement in farming caused a population boom, which soon le d to a higher demand for goods. (Doc. 8) A second factor of England that led to the start of the Industrial Revolution was their abundant amount of natural resources.England had access to several useful resources needed to industrialize, such as coal, iron, wool, and cotton. (Doc. 1) Coal was a vital source of power for it supplied energy for the steam engines, which were often found powering factory machinery. Iron was often useful in the construction of things, such as railroads. Iron had many purposes after it had been made cheaper and better quality. (OK) England was also aided by the amount of harbors it had and was often no more than 70 miles away from sea. (Doc. 4) A third reason the Industrial Revolution began in England was the joining together of the workers in the factories.Workers often used the assembly line to produce goods. It proved to much more efficient and increased factory output as well. Men working with a distinct job could produce thousands of goods in a day w here men who worked independently could hardly make twenty. (Doc. 3) Higher amounts of goods caused prices to fall, which led to the increase of population because people found food much more affordable now. With this efficiency, England began to advance in transportation as well. In reaction to this mass production of goods, faster methods of transportation were invented.The steam locomotive increased railroad growth and made the moving of goods much faster. (OK) Several different aspects helped contribute to the start of the Industrial Revolution in England. Three major reasons were improved methods of farming methods, causing a new found population boom; England’s abundant amount of natural resources, necessary for industrialization for they were often used for power sources; and the joining together of workers in factories, causing a mass production of goods and a further increase in population. These all helped England to thrive in industry and soon start a revolution.

Study Computer Science Online 2019

Most online educational institutions offer classes in technology. Schools that are geared more towards the healthcare or business industries may not have very many options in technology studies. These schools will often offer a degree in information technology or have certificate courses in network information security. Other colleges or universities will offer a broader range of choices within the field of computer science. There are differences in the phraseology of degree programs between schools is evident. For instance, Kaplan University offers associates degrees in information systems with specialties in networking, Java, wireless networking, and web development. They do not, however, have a degree program specifically called computer science. The bachelor offerings at Kaplan in information technology have the following concentration options: multimedia and animation, programming, database, networking and web development. A computer science degree may offer basic knowledge that touches on many of these areas, but the degrees at Kaplan are more in depth and job focused. .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38:active, .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u02d9a9e05003b8ee4c1429cbd1e77b38:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ The Human Resources DepartmentBoston Colleges Metropolitan University offers a bachelors degree in computer science online, as well as a software development certification program. They also offer a graduates program in computer information systems, which concentrates on information systems security. The online program at Boston College also offers a masters degree in administrative studies with a concentration in electronic commerce, systems and technology. This degree program has a narrow focus, and would better qualify you for a job at a top notch online company like Google or Ebay than a general computer science degree. The University of Phoenix Online also as an array of computer science-related degree offerings. Bachelor offerings include business with a focus in e-business, business with a focus in information systems, and information technology. They also have a technology management masters program. Other masters degree offerings that the University of Phoenix provides include systems and systems management. CDI College offers certification programs, as opposed to degree programs, that are computer science related. These certificates include: Network and Internet Security Specialist, CISCO certified network administrator, Network and Internet Support Specialist for Windows 2000, Microsoft Office Specialist, Office Information Technology Specialist, Wed Designer, and Computer Business Applications Specialist. .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9:active, .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u70485cb29385bd24b230b2f6721343c9:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor's Degrees in Teaching OnlineOnline computer science education choices are plentiful. Regardless of the school, online classes are typically very efficient. It might only take two or three years to obtain your bachelors or masters degree. Certification can be had in merely months. Related ArticlesEarning a Masters Degree in Computer ScienceProgramming in JavaFind Computer and Technology Degree ProgramsThe Relationship Beteween Computer Science and EngineeringTechnology Universities and CollegesHow to Find a Good Information Technology School