Marketing Plan Power Point Presentation Essay

The purchase of the new hotel brings many opportunities as well as challenges. As the Human resources department, we have to done thorough research to find ways to accomplish all concerns presented by the executive team. We have found ways to address financial concerns, marketing, and operation concerns. We have also included concerns found by the human resources department and created was to address the concerns. Also included is our recommendation on the merger. Start-up costs and finance concerns The Chief Finance Officer is concerned about startup costs of the acquisition to include increased labor costs, renovations, and the higher salary being paid to the current Italian workers. In the start-up phase, training will be crucial and will come with a cost. The money has to be spread out in a few areas such as management and staff training-this will cover chain of command, hotel administration, finances, customer complaints, customer service, maid service, room service, restaurant services, fitness center cleaning, pool cleaning, and daily operations of the hotel chain. Language and culture courses should be the initial training focus so as to avoid language barrier and cultural conflicts between staff and guests, as it is imperative that we all know a little about each Nation’s language and culture. Equipment training-The hotel will be modernized with computers. The system will have a website for online booking, payments, complaints, maps, local features for tourists, and any other information a guest may want or need. The system will be used within the hotel for check in and checkout, bill handling, maid servicing, laundry acquisitions, room service, dining facility, training courses in culinary arts, food handling, and restaurant management. In the training process we have to get all of the employees (both American and Italian) in synch with each other. This will help with language and cultural barriers, should those issues arise. In the matter of employment money is always the issue. In this hotel chain all staff will bpaid based on their position and duties within the hotel. All employees will be evaluated every six months to establish whether a pay raise is warranted or not. Benefits will include health insurance, dental insurance, and paid vacations. Marketing Concepts I agree with the Chief Marketing Officer in that there will be added expense in marketing globally and in a foreign language. Our marketing strategy would have to take a different direction when promoting the hotels in Italy. Since we won’t be an â€Å"Albergo Italiano† we will still be an American hotel situated in another country. The Italian economy is dominated by small, family run hotels and organizations – 92 percent of Italian businesses are small or medium sized ((â€Å"Doing Business in Italy; 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U. S. Companies†, 2012). Our marketing strategy could focus on appealing to tourists who want the experience of being in Italy, but the comforts of a hotel chain that they are familiar and comfortable with. Our U. S. based company will face strong competition from local and other European based hotels, which can be achieved by maintaining our American hotel reputation and charm. Our goal is to keep the culture, quality and customer service of the hotel chain up to the same standards as in the U. S. By going global, it will give our current customers more options and opportunities to travel and still be able to stay in the comfort of a Pinnacle hotel. I don’t feel that decertifying the union at the startup is a good process. Unions are a good idea, but when you think about, having unions involved can cause things to get a bit more complicated. My advice it to try and get close to the union leaders and build a strong working relationship with them. Assuring them that the employees’ needs matter. I would recommend negotiating a lower benefits package to reduce labor costs. Daily Operations To address the goals of the Chief Operations Officer I have research position at other international hotels to find the best ways to produce high quality service. Since, the hotel will be servicing many customers with language as well as employee different nationalities. Manager positions will be created to accomplish administrative duties required from executive team and will oversee multiple departments. All managers will be required to have extensive training and experience in hotel management. Also, there should be a preference for managers with international hotel experience and that are multi-lingual. With the new merger, managers with that type of experience will be the best with communicating with employees and customers of different nationalities. With Europe having a high international market of hotels and 40 percent of its population speaking two or more languages, it will be the best place to recruit for manager positions. We should pay them over the current market pay to be aggressively recruit and maintain managers. Also, we should create department supervisor for all of the different areas. The department supervisor would be a liaison between lower level employees and managers and ensure that all tasks are being completed daily. They will also be able to investigate and communication with problems in each department to relieve the managers of some of the hands on duties. Supervisors will be crossed trained to fill in other sections to create flexibility when another supervisor is sick or on leave keeping the continuity of quality service on a daily basis. To recruit supervisor, the company should meet the current market for pay, this will decrease turn over, but if one to leave we would then hire a team leader from within the department. Supervisors recruited from the local region will have first-hand experience working with the Italy’s union enabling them to best supervise employees within regulations of the unions. A preference will for supervisors speaking more the one language will be preferred, but we would create programs and incentives to help facilitate learning different languages. After researching positions of other hotels, a team lead for each section has proven to be beneficial. The team lead has the most experience of the lower level employees but has no supervisory experience and only fills in when the supervisor is not in the department. Lastly, lower level positions that can be taught buy on the job training and will only complete daily tasks with in their departments. They will not be crossed trained due to the fact that we would pay lower than the current market pay and increase the number of employees as compared to other hotels. Although this could create a higher turnover rate, replacements would be easy to finds and the continuity will have little if no interruption. A separated department will need to be created to maintain of the building. One of this highest skills found in Greece was construction and general contracting. With Greece having a high unemployment rate and the readily available skills, it would be the prime place to recruit from to fill the department. Human Resource and Personnel Management My role as the Chief Human Resource Officer is to ensure that the employees of the organization have the right knowledge, skills, and abilities now and in the future. It is vital that the CHRO obtains a knowledge of the area that they will be working in, as there are many factors to consider in determining what is best for the organization as a whole. By purchasing the hotel chain in Italy, the company will be able to grow and expand cultural diversity into the company. U. S. based employees will have the ability to travel and learn a new culture and new type of work environment, this could support retention and would potentially be a strong recruiting tool for quality employees. It would give current employees new benefits, such as travel pay if they were assigned to Italy. Also, all employees would have the opportunity to learn basic Italian culture and language, helping to make the employee feel empowered and important. Our company is a non-union company, but in Italy the hotels are run by unions. This could cause a problem as the Italian workforce does not work outside of their defined job descriptions and duties. The current staff is not properly trained to take on more responsibilities at their current wages. This would require the company to retrain those employees into the positions creating a higher startup cost and more time to provide the training. Another issue is the culture of the Italians, they are accustomed to having more time off from work, more say in how the company’s operations are conducted, and they also have boundaries when it comes to their work schedule and limitations on what they perform. That could cause problems with U. S. employees, since they are not accustomed to limited position descriptions and are used to being able to perform a variety of tasks. Another potential problem is the lack of EEO laws in Italy. As the CHRO it is our responsibility to ensure that our employees are protected under the current laws and regulation. Our employees are very aware of the importance of EEO laws so the lack of the same respect for this law in Italy could disenfranchise individuals, especially when it comes to sexual harassment. On the other hand, training the Italians to follow the U. S. EEO laws could cause problems in recruitment, since they may feel that they do not have to follow U. S. laws in Italy. Lastly, the Italians are used to benefits that are required by the Unions. Our company does not have a department to deal with Unions, so we would have to assemble a team that could negotiate benefits for the Italians. We would have to find out if U. S. employees would be receiving those same Union benefits and if they would be required to pay Union dues. This could cause problems with our U. S. employees if they do not want to join a Union. Furthermore, if we are succeed in negotiating lower benefits, then Italian recruitment could be low, since they would rather work in another hotel that would provide higher benefits. Recommendation In summary, there are pros and cons to acquiring hotels in Italy. It would give a new set of skills to our current employees. It would allow our US employees the ability to travel and learn new skill sets. It would also broaden the culture of this company and be able to give the current employees the benefits of learning a new culture and a new language. It would open up the company to global recognition and more vacation choices for our current customers. On the other hand, it will not be an easy transition. Current Italian employees are limited in how long they can work, what positions they can fill, and are unfamiliar with our EEO laws. The Italians lack of knowledge, skill and abilities would cost this company a lot manpower, which needs to be calculated to see if it is worth the cost. The Italians are also used to obtaining many benefits that this company is not accustom to giving. A new separate department would need to be created to be able to negotiate and speak to the Unions. All of these issues would need to be addressed prior to obtaining the hotels and the Finance Department would need to be able to calculate the cost and benefits. As the CHRO, we recommend acquiring the Italian chain as the long term benefits outweigh the initial start-up costs and concerns.

Education Is Not a Preparation for Life; Education Is Life Itself Essay

It is the lack of higher education in several sections of my country concerns me. This dearth of education is what is restricting us from touching new heights of glory. In the erstwhile days, emphasis was given on garnering education which made our country prosper. The gradual decline in the number of literate people in the medieval times resulted in disparity in the society, gave birth to superstitions and social evils. Education can rescue a community from succumbing to superstitions and myths. I believe that education is the great leveler in society. It brings everyone on equal footing. To overcome the evils of corruption, disappointment, and terrorism, education is imperative. Only literate people know the difference between right and wrong. Only the literate people know the vital values of compassion and selflessness. Education is what endows people with the wisdom of spending their time fruitfully. It dissuades us from the path of destruction and brings peace in the world. Obtaining an education is a person’s passport to one’s future, it brings upon numerous opportunities for an individual to better themselves, their life, and one another. â€Å"Our quest for knowledge is something we should never complete, because it is a desire that we should never resist.† In other words, in every quest you find yourself upon, you foresee the answer and experience life has thrown at you, including the acceptance of its successes and failures. Education is the best thing that has ever happened to me. It has opened my eyes up to who I am and shown me what I really want to do in my life, and has shown what I can potentially give back to society. Indubitably, education gives us more choices in life, ultimately allowing us to leave an imprint on society. We may plan to design sky-scarpers or develop data storage techniques on the spin of electrons. We may do whatever we want to with the power of education in our hands. Education is the essence of culture, vital for the development of our values and virtues. It teaches us how to lead our lives and transforms us into mature individuals capable of planning for our future. Education always leads us to enlightenment and broadens our perspective towards life. It removes the impending barriers in the way of our success. It leads to the progress of society as a whole and propagates healthy attitudes. Education is the only power that can take any country to the pinnacle of success and glory. Indian government has taken a lot of initiatives to promote education in the remotest of areas. There is provision of free primary education and mid day meals at the schools. But, many more such initiatives are required to bring a tangible change. Comprehensive mass awareness programmes are still needed. Volunteers willing to bring the education to the doorsteps of those who need it are required. I know an example is better than a precept. I am also willing to contribute in whichever way I can to this noble cause.

A Review Of Woolworths Limited Commerce Essay

A Review Of Woolworths Limited Commerce Essay Woolworths Limited is one of the major Australian companies with extensive retail interest around Asia-pacific region. Largest food retailer in Australia, Largest retail firm in Australia and New Zealand and largest takeaway liquor retailer, hotel and poker machine operator in Australia. The Woolworths limited family is one of the huge employers in Pacific-Asia. With around 200,000 team members working in support offices, stores and distribution centres across Newzeland and Australia. Woolworths limited also continues to develop in buying and wholesaling offices in India and Asia. Retailing is most people focused business that makes recruiting, retaining intelligent employees and developing significant to their success. Through Woolworths limited policies, educate and development opportunities, reward and recognition programs, career opportunities and initiative to provide a balance and healthy work life, they target to keep doing the right things by their people and they keep on to recognise Woolworths limited as such a great place to work. Woolworths limited is an Equal Employment Opportunity employer. A diversity strategy has been certified and developed by the top management group, part of Woolworths’ ongoing commitment to diversity. In Woolworths limited, where all employees are treated with respect, dignity and courtesy, this is their target to provide a healthy work environment. They acknowledge that diversity adds significance in bringing dissimilar perspectives to work environment and in reflect the communities they serve. It helps business benefits as well. A diversity working community has been created comprising and Human Resource managers from all divisions. The purpose of the community is to, prioritise events to harness diversity within the company, make sure that recognising diversity owned by the business and managing accordingly. The gender at Woolworths, female constitutes 55% of the company workforce and proud of the progress the com pany made in the area of gender diversity, mainly in the top leadership role. 16.7% of leadership roles in company were held by women, for the financial year 2003-04 and 27% had increase in the year 2008-09. In facilitating women’s career development and progression, Woolworths Limited focuses to create an environment that is appreciation and supportive of difference. Men and women offer various perspectives those provide undeniable business benefits and they try to remove the barriers that may restrict the women career progression. These include the structured networking opportunities and mentoring. Woolworth’s board members two are women out of nine, which represent 22% of the board. Peter chandler, a part time employee of Woolworths at Katherine in northern Territory, which is 320 kilometres from south Darwin, is among an expanding group of Indigenous Aussies who are become Woolworths employees. Peter has gained experience in almost all departments of the store, suc h as perishable, bakery and presently working as a night fill employee. Woolworths is such a great place to work, diverse backgrounds such as people with disability, should have the opportunity to be work with Woolworths, which job they are suited. Woolworths limited has a memo of understanding with disability works Australia (DWA) and when recruiting a disability candidate, Woolworths require the contractor to use service of the Disability work Australia. The contractor is the supported to wage system is used decide the employee’s wage.

Financial strengths and weaknesses of fashion design enterprises in Essay

Financial strengths and weaknesses of fashion design enterprises in Italy - the threat from China and the opportunities - Essay Example China entered the market shyly, a small nibble at the market but grew into a solid business. China flooded Europe with low cost shirts, pants, underwear, socks and shoes. But how can Chinese manufacturers of low cost product threat high fashion of Italy? Ultra-cheap clothes, welcomed by consumers and retailers, undermine the fashion manufacturers, already challenged by the arrival of fast-fashion chains such as H&M and Zara, whose products are often made in the Far East. As Li Edelkoort, the respected fashion forecaster, warns, the Chinese whirlwind will flatten the fashion world as we know it and change radically its familiar landscape. â€Å"Everyone is putting eggs in one basket - China - and that is potentially devastating for our cultural heritage." (Menkes 2005) While producers are struggling to keep underpriced clothes from flooding the Italian market, designer label brands are waging another battle - against imitations, or "knockoffs" as they are known in the trade. (Italian designers 2005) Most of fakes come China or other Asian countries with the low labor costs and no concern for social services, welfare and pollution control. Chinese products are dirty cheap. They underestimate the products to the level of prices for food. Some do not see a tragedy in this situation. What Italian companies need is to be flexible, creative, innovative. Their weapons are know-how and deeply felt luxury. Another opportunity which Italian companies can employ to their benefit is the size of the companies.

Intercultural Conflict Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intercultural Conflict Analysis - Essay Example The text of the analysis in this piece of writing is about the South Africans culture and conflict resolution. Many countries in Africa have different communities living together or rather close to each other. The cultural diversity among the communities forms the basis of conflicts among members of the different beliefs and cultural practices. Solution to such conflicts is also attained through strategic cultural practices among the communities involved in the in the conflict. South Africa proves the best place to analyze due to several reasons. The first reason is that it is inclusive of the western culture and ways western culture interacts with the African custom. One can be able to see customs and practices by different groups of people and the conflict that arises with such a scenario. Another importance of the text is seen by the analysis of the dominance of the nonverbal communication among the different communities. It is seen where a man is seen as a superior being in the c ommunity and given special treatment by the feminine. Examples given on the article clearly portray the cultural values and ties during the Apartheid. Cultural values in South Africa influenced the details in the article. The female among the South African communities are the inferior beings among and are supposed to offer special services to the male. The ladies are expected to take care of the children as a man works to ensure the family is well fed and protected against all forms of dangers. The man being the masculine figure of the family and community as a whole is expected to perform hard and risky tasks. The man in the majority of the South African societies if not all, is treated with respect to the extent that the lady leans or kneels before the man as she serves food or greets the man. Local leadership among these communities is left for men and therefore the decision making on matters

Do Natural Disasters lead to internal conflict within a country Essay

Do Natural Disasters lead to internal conflict within a country - Essay Example The fact that natural disasters can have serious impact on the society and the people suggests that these need to be managed in a proper way (Shaw, 2011). If this does not happen, there would be immense problems for the entire civilization and the one that comes about as a result of the natural disasters and calamities existing within the region. The natural disasters are deemed as some of the most significant problems that have come about with the passage of time within this day and age. This is because they can come about suddenly and their drastic effects are something to get worried about (Perry, 2007). What is even more worsening is the fact that the natural disasters lead to an anarchic state and the people feel juxtaposed in terms of loss of property and even the loss of lives within their families and friends. The internal conflict can arise within a country because people might feel that since they have already lost their family members and their homes and property, they might as well claim control upon the property remains intact of others. It gives them the leeway to do whatsoever they feel like and thus exert their influence in more ways than one (Dyi, 2009). The internal conflicts do come about because the people have been hard done by. They have no other means to make both ends meet and the aid and help seem to be a far gone conclusion. What they can think best under these times is to seek refuge somewhere and this is only possible when they can play havoc with the system that exists within the country at that point in time. Similarly, they are also aware that they can create anarchy and mess by loot and plundering at that time because they might get back on their feet but they would not be able to become as rich as the well-off individuals of the society and it is best for them to e xploit the ways and means of the people who have seen good days within their lives (Stevens, 2008). Thus loot and plundering becomes the buzzword within such settings and for a number of different reasons, not all of which are based on problematic issues and concerns. The conflicts within a country can also come about in the wake of natural disasters if the select group of people is bent upon finding out where they can gain something or the other, and at any point in time within their lives. They are always waiting for an opportunity that they cash upon, and once they come to know of such concerns that emit from the aegis of the natural disasters, they seem to grab it with both hands, thinking less of the people who are already suffering or will suffer due to the calamity or catastrophe which has hit them (Mulligan, 2011). The earthquakes of Turkey, Haiti, Chile, Indonesia and Pakistan are some of the examples where contrasting features of conflict came about. The catastrophes that took place in these nations shook the basis of the people and their governments came in with drastic steps to take care of the local populace. The conflicts came in when the people realized that they would have to get their respective house in order so that sanity could prevail within their ranks (Rosowsky, 2011). These individuals create anarchy because they want to ransack the property and incur loses on the part of the government, partly in line with the shortcomings that the organizations and institutions, and basically the government has had in the dealing with the masses of the society. The underdeveloped countries are the worst hit – mainly because they have fewer avenues of proper infrastructure and

Idea of Landscape and American Dreams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Idea of Landscape and American Dreams - Essay Example Since Adams’ used the term, it evolved to be part of Americans’ life. It connotes the Americans’ desire for equality2, independence and togetherness. They envisioned a lifestyle that would be affordable to Americans, enhance unity and freedom of expression. Americans experienced other challenges apart from the great depressions. The great migration from south to north was a serious challenge to Americans. Several other authors such as Isabel Wilkerson envisioned the American dream in their works. Wilkerson’s the warmth of other suns is an account of the Great Migration in America. It reveals the historic development in America that transformed the American society is a tremendous manner. The Great Migration was an exodus of nearly six million people in America. Wilkerson’s provides an analysis of the migration from 1915 to 1970. The story provides an analysis of the trips made by Americans during the Great Migration. Black Americans migrated from th e south to the north. Their relocation and migration had great impacts on the North. The migration involved the abandonment of the old confederacy states in beginning of 1915. Black Americans were poor and with had low levels of education. In the book, Wilkerson provides an account of three blacks immigrants from the south. Wilkerson provides a background of the immigration story as a progressive occurrence. Ida Mae, a central character in the book, had several challenges in life with her husband George. George had meager earnings and lived with Mae and her three children. George solely depended on earnings from the feudal southern agriculture. This is a depiction of the American dream of the southern blacks hoping for proper employment. Employment in the feudal southern agriculture had insignificant earnings. Mr. Edd, George’s employer, did not provide good employment terms like other southern white masters. Underpayment for the works of the employees was a vital characteris tic of the southern white masters. This is a depiction of the American dream of proper and appropriate employment conditions. George lacked basic education to advocate for his employment rights. The American dream is to elevate the education level of all to enhance empowerment. The American dream ideology envisions a society that embraces unity and inclusiveness. It envisions a society that is free from discrimination. The society that Americans deserve and hopes to live in is free from exploitation of individuals based on class or race. All these, however, are evident in Wilkerson’s book. In 1937, George’s cousin underwent torture by a white posse. The white posse erroneously suspected Mr. Edd’s cousin for stealing turkeys. The inhuman act is a sign of discrimination based on class. Southern whites had evident discrimination against African Americans, based on class and race. Wilkerson’s masterpiece work documenting the migration of black Americans provi des a true picture of their plight. Critics point at the plight of the blacks during the decade-long migration of the blacks as a depiction of a failed society. They show the extent to which the society neglected part of the population. Whites regarded blacks as poor and illiterate. Isolation among the society members was real and evident in diverse forms. Joblessness among the black Americans and dependency on the white plantation owners from the southern was a sign of unfulfilled dreams. As connoted by the

Compare and Contrast Dependency Theory and Neoliberalism Essay

Compare and Contrast Dependency Theory and Neoliberalism - Essay Example This discussion stresses that the dependency theory  refers to the model explaining the notion of flow of resources. According to this theory, resources flow from the boundary or the periphery of the undeveloped and poor countries to the center of the economically stable or the wealthy states enriching the developed countries at the expense of the weak states. Whereas the dependency theory originates from third world countries to explain the fate they suffer in the hands of the developed countries, Smith describes the neoliberalists as people from the economically stable nations concerned with the modern political economy. Neoliberalism refers to the modern political, the economic theory that favors free trade. Hays and David describe neoliberalism to favors the privatization of public organization with minimum government intervention in the commercial business. It is seen to advocates for a decrease in public expenditure on social services, On the other hand, is from the third wor ld countries, the dependency theory assumptions are based on these nations. They hold that countries that are more developed should play a part in improvising those countries that lie below in development. Their assumptions, therefore, focus on the capitalist approaches to break the development of these countries. Besides this theory hold a view of underdevelopment rather as a process as compared is to a stage. For these countries, under development forms a process to reach a full developmental goal or a full potential. Finally, the theorist holds that significant influence to the third world countries is by financial aid and subsidiaries. However, they not that foreign aid is never free rather it has some attached strings. This foreign aid most of the time form a debt trap for the developing countries.

Chapter 4 Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 4 Reaction Paper - Essay Example So many of the things around us are constructed by our own preconceptions, but it is harder to understand how we too are a product of things beyond our control. Our roles and identities are shaped by those around us, where we come from, and we are going. All of this made the chapter an excellent and sustaining read. This reading made me very introspective. It led me to reconsider my own life and my own multiple identities. I began to try to unwind some of the strands of my personality which had led me to see myself in a certain, stable way. I began to think about how much I had changed over the years and in what direction. I have always felt that I had a lot of control over my own life and that I was master of my own destiny. But now, having read this chapter, I realize how much of everyone's lives are in flux. It is a very useful point to consider how much differences can get in the way of us recognizing how truly different some people are. The point about the French girl's uniquene ss struck a chord with me. She was so different in the small community that people had a hard time getting to know her as an individual. We must be careful not to overlook such things.

International Crime Witness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Crime Witness - Assignment Example Notably, as per the fourth amendment of the US, courts orders police not to involve in unnecessary seizure or search of any place or individual without any warrants. Furthermore, as per the Fifth Amendment, an accused cannot be forced by the court of law to make any statements that might act against his well being in future instances. Furthermore, to seek fast trail as per the sixth amendment is also another right of accused in the US that is taken into consideration by the court of law (Missouri Protection and Advocacy Services, n.d.). On the other hand, in the UK, criminal accused are provided with the right of appropriate hearing in the court. Individuals, irrespective of the nature of their accusation must availed proper legal hearing with the assistance of a well experienced solicitor. In the UK, accused will also have the right to see the evidences on the basis of which any decision can be taken against him/her by the court of law (Jacobson & Talbot, 2009). Different legal approaches also exist amid the two nations i.e. the US and the UK with regard to the treatment provided to the defendants. Defendants of suspects in the UK who is accused of a particular crime will need to encounter with several trails by the court of law. They will be liable to get legal assistance from the legal authorities of the nations so that his/her rights of getting a fair trial could be ensured (Talbot, 2012). Similarly, in the US court, criminal defendants are provided with equal opportunities to clarify their point or justify themselves as an innocent. Furthermore, fair access to the legal assistance provided by the government to its citizen, is also practiced in during trial proceedings of criminal defendants in the US. Once crime against a particular accused is justified and proved, he/she will be imprisoned in the US for a particular period of time based upon the

The Courtroom Scene Essay Example for Free

The Courtroom Scene Essay The Crucible was written at the peak of the McCarthism era in the mid 20th century. The play was written by Arthur Miller to show the similarities between The McCarthy Trials and the Salem Witch Trials. This links well to the Crucible.  The play is about a group of girls who are caught in the woods performing witch-like actions. The girls turn against everyone and start accusing people of being witches. This immediately creates tension. In this essay, I am going to answer the question How does Miller create tension in Act III, The Courtroom Scene? He creates tension in a number of ways. These ways are stage directions, events, language and friction between characters.  Firstly, Arthur Miller uses stage directions to create tension in Act III. A particular example of this is when Goody Proctor is intensely questioned for the truth of her husbands affair. The stage direction In a crisis of indecision, she cannot speak. This shows how she is lacerated between covering up for her husband or telling the truth. The situation that is so thrilling is that if she lies, she will of helped Abigail, as Abigail would be able to carry on with her mischievous doings. And if she tells the truth then Abigail would be found guilty of lying and false accusations. The direction builds tension, as the audience already know that John Proctor has confessed to the affair with Abigail, and Goody Proctor doesnt know this.  Secondly. Miller creates tension by using events in Act III. The best example of this is on page 101, when Abigail and her girl friends are pretending that Mary Warren has convoked her spirit onto them. This is shown when Abigail says why ? why do you come, yellow bird? We as the audience automatically feel tension as we know Abigail and the girls are making all these alleged allegations up. We feel sorry for Mary Warren, as now she is being portrayed as an evil person. John Proctor is the only person who believes Mary Warren and does think Abigail and the girls are lying. He shows his feelings by saying Theyre pretending, Mr Danforth! This creates tension as we feel that Proctor and Mary Warren are helpless. Proctor needs to help Mary Warren, as Goody Proctor will be persecuted if Abigail and the girls are not brought to justice. Another event that takes place and creates tension is on page 104/105. This piece of tension links well to the last piece. The even is that after all of the commotion and lying from Abigail and the girls of Mary Warren summoning a spirit. Mary apologises for sending the spirit, even though it was a lie. This automatically creates tension as the audience are dumfounded by what Mary is doing. She is now covering up for the girls. So they dont get the blame. When she says sorry. Abigail hugs her and they seem to be friends again. This leaves the judges baffled. This creates tension in a different way as well because Proctor is all alone now. The only way to save his wife is Mary Warren telling the truth, now she has turned against him. The audience feel sorry for Proctor, who should know by now that he and his wife are going to be persecuted. Thirdly, Arthur Miller creates tension by using friction between characters in Act III. There are two excellent examples of this. Firstly, Mary Warren explains to the court of how Proctor wakes her up at night and says how they should over throw the court to save this wife. This friction is huge because just before Mary Warren states this the court, Mary and Proctor where helping each other. Mary and Proctor were helping each other. This creates tension because Proctor was left by Mary when she said sorry to Abigail for summoning her spirit, and now Mary has made allegation against Proctor. Nothing more could go wrong for him. Mary goes on to say that Proctor has threatened her as well. Ill murder you, he says, if my wife hangs! Thus creates tension as Mary and Proctor were friends but now he is threatening her. The audience feel an agonising heart-break for Proctor, yet feel he shouldnt of threatened Mary. The friction has built up again. Secondly, on page 105, Proctor says that his and Danforths faces are like the devils. Proctor says, I see his filthy face! And it is mine and your Danforth It creates friction because Danforth is appalled that Proctor could relate him to the devil. Between these too character there has always been friction because Proctor believes the girls are lying, whereas Danforth doesnt. When Proctor says this he means that Danforth has the face of the devil for allowing all of these false accusation to happen. Proctor has the face of the devil because he had the affair with Abigail, which sparked the whole event. Lastly, language in The Crucible creates tension. An example o this is on page 98, when John Proctor admits he lusted for Abigail and tells the truth about the affair and how Abigail is trying to get revenge. The line is She thinks to dance with me on my wifes grave!! This language is difficult for the audience to understand, as it is old English. This creates tension because it could mean different things and as the audience doesnt know what it means, it lets imaginations come out and start to think what he means.  To conclude Arthur Miller uses and creates tension to a full effect and pulls it off with great strength. The tension was good and easy to create as he used four main elements, stage directions, events, frictions between characters and language.

Macroeconomic Policies during the Recession of 2008-2009

Macroeconomic Policies during the Recession of 2008-2009 Renyuan Feng An Assessment of Macroeconomic Policies during the Great Recession of 2008-2009 Brief Introduction From 2008-2009, US economy suffered the severe recession from the impact of the global financial crisis. From 1990s, United States has experienced the huge amount of the saving inflows from the other emerging markets (Bernanke, 2009). However, the financial institutions invest these savings with the poor way to develop the sub-prime mortgage and push the real estate price increasing. The sub-prime mortgage loans were provided to the people with poor credit score as the no income, no job and no asset groups. Meanwhile, these bad loans were securitized in the financial market and traded as the financial instruments to provide numerous profits for the financial institutions and Wall Street bankers (Thomas, Hennessey, Holtz-Eakin, 2011). The low interest rate and the increase of housing price had provided new opportunities for these foreign saving inflows. The burst of housing bubble has led the high proportion of defaults on subprime mortgage. With the fall of largest financial institu tion, the whole financial system suffered the damage. Later, this financial crisis has become contagious into the global scale and finally created one of the most serious financial chaoses in the beginning of the new century. During these months, US economy has experienced the severe negative influences as the real GDP fell at a 6% annual rate and the employment positions have been reduced in the large amount every month. The usage of confusing financial instruments as credit-default swaps and collateralized debt obligations in the financial market has been blamed as one of the significant reasons for the crisis (Weisberg, 2010). Meanwhile, the other main causes for this Great Recession could be included as the international global imbalances, the low interest rate for the monetary policy, the lack of regulation for the new financial instruments and conflicts of interest in the financial rating agencies (Bernanke, 2009). Fiscal Policies in Action To deal with this economic recession, US government has passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009. The act aims to develop more new employment and maintain current ones, to stimulate the economy and invest the economic growth and to improve the transparency of government spending. At the same time, the government would provide around $787 billion financial support for the tax cuts, funding for unemployment benefits and funding for grants and loans (Recovery.gov, 2009). The government requires the usages of Recovery funds need to be reported every year to maintain its transparency. The government would also provide financial support to the local school districts. All these actions would help the country’s economy to leave the negative influence from financial crisis. However, the strategies which focuses on the government spending and taxes cut are still be discussed by the economic scholars because the effect of them are hard to be observed and examined(Wilson, 2012). Monetary Policies in Action One of the most significant monetary policies is that the Federal Reserve to support the economy is that usage of quantitative easing. It is the approach that the central bank uses its printing machines to make more notes to buy the assets (Reddy, 2010). This way could effectively decline the notes’ yield and the interest rates of the debt market. This strategy could help the homeowners to refinance their loans because the borrowing costs have been reduced. The investors also are guided into the share markets and bond markets by the market to increase the value of these securities (Reddy, 2010). It could help the US exporters because it weakens the US dollar. The whole process could push the asset prices and inflation expectations, reduce the exchange rate and real interest rates. From 2008 to 2010, the Federal Reserve has bought about $1.7 trillion of Treasury and asset-backed securities to push the economy away from the recession. The economists have predicted that this acti on could reduce 0.5% of the long term Treasury yields and also the rates in the private credit markets. It also helps the asset market, especially the real estate market to increase the prices. This activity could have the possibility to build up another round of the financial bubble because of the higher yields in riskier assets. The quantitative easing could effectively reduce the value of the US dollar and start the currency war. However, it increases the risks of pushing up the prices of commodities and increasing the inflations. The effects and risks of this policy are still the controversial topics. Have the Fiscal Policies Worked? The Fiscal Policy as ARRA actually helps the economy recovery for months. With the implementation of this act, the economy performance was significantly influenced. The real GDP showed the stable growth from the autumn of 2009. The private payroll employment also grew in about 2.2 million from 2010 to 2011(Council of Economic Advisers, 2011). Some measures have the fiscal stimulus has the effect on the increasing level of GDP from 2011. The strong growth of GDP has begun from the third quarter of 2009 and remained the good trend for the economy in the following months. The result is similar with other results from different analysts. Until 2011, the estimation from CEA showed the employment has been increased between 2.2 to 4.2 million (Council of Economic Advisers, 2011). In 2008 and 2009, the employment market has suffered the serious decline because of the impact from the recession. The fiscal policy of ARRA has raised the concerns of the Federal Government into the job market. Fr om the first quarter of 2011, the payroll employment has kept the steady increase in the following months. This result was the significant increase to help more people to work and increase their income. The Federal government has effectively cut its spending and tax in the amount of $697 billion which has followed the estimation of the act. The huge amount of the tax cuts would still continue in the next year plans. The individual tax cuts and the state fiscal relief which occupied the large proportion in the government spending have been paid more attention to deal with. The public investment spending on infrastructure and clean energy have been increased from only $7 billion in 2009 to $182 billion in 2011. It is because this act aims to develop the long-term strategies for the economy. The demands of improving infrastructure and clean energy could effectively increase the competitiveness for the country’s future economic development. These results have been compared with t he other results from different models (Council of Economic Advisers, 2011). There were no significant differences among them. Additionally, the study from Moody’s Analytics model also supported that the current fiscal policies have contributed a lot in to the increase of GDP, jobs and inflation (Blinder Zandi, 2010). After examining the results in different scenario, the study showed that the financial stimulus played an important role in the economic performance. Have the Monetary Policies Worked? The Monetary Policy actually failed to stimulate the economy. First of all, after many rounds of quantitative easing activities, the economy still remains weak. The national economy is in the low-growth environment with the poor GDP performance. The GDP in 2010 was just 2.9% which was the result with both contributions from fiscal policies and monetary policies. Meanwhile, the performance in employment market was also bad with the high unemployment rate of 9.2%. The financial support with more than $2.1 million in the job market actually worked nothing in theses months. All these bad performance have added more pressure to the Federal Reserve. Even though the value of US dollar has been decreased in the global market, the export market could not contribute sufficiently to support the economy. US government was also blamed to control its exchange rate in the global exchange market. On the other hand, the monetary policy has stimulated the creation of the new asset bubble. The impact f or the huge amount of notes in the financial system has shown in the economic performance. The inflation faced the huge challenge in the increasing prices of commodities. The SP has increased twice than last year at 8%. Residents have to face the increase in the commodity. However, the government believed this inflation was still in control and with few risks. The IPO has become the next bubble in the financial market which was the result of commodity boom and asset bubble (Groth Randazzo, 2011). This monetary policy has driven the US Federal Government into one wired situation with the mix of stagnant wages, high unemployment, high inflation and the asset bubble. The government believed that there were no threats from the inflation and asset bubbles. However, the capacity for the government to identify the potential risks and the effect of the current policy were still doubted by the economists. The government policy influenced the indicators for government to adjust its policies has become one of the paradox in the decision making process. All these results could show the failure of quantitative easing policy. Conclusion Currently, US Federal Government has implemented several fiscal and monetary policies to help the economy recover from the chaos of global financial crisis. With the combination of government spending cuts, tax cuts and quantitative easing, the US economy has shown increasing trend. With the comparison from different studies, the fiscal policies have successfully improved the performance of the economy. The government should continue the sustainability of economic development and maintain the concentration into the employment market. On the other hand, the monetary policy as quantitative easing did not show the significant effect on the economy. The increasing inflation and the potential new asset bubbles have brought more challenges to the Federal Government. In this aspect, the government must pay more attention into these two areas to avoid increasing likelihood for the other crisis. The government must adjust both monetary and fiscal policies to achieve the goal. References Bernanke, B, S. (2009). Four Questions about the Financial Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090414a.html Blinder,A, S., Zandi, M. (2010). How the Great Recession Was Brought to an End. Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/blinder/End-of-Great-Recession.pdf Council of Economic Advisers. (2011). The Economic Impact of The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/cea_7th_arra_report.pdf Groth, J., Randazzo, A. (2011). The Failure of Quantitative Easing. Retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2011/07/15/the-failure-of-quantitative-eaRecovery.gov. (2009). The Recovery Act. Retrieved from http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx Reddy, S. (2010). How It Works; When It Doesn’t Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704506404575592722702012904.html Thomas, B., Hennessey,K., Holtz-Eakin, D. (2011). What Caused the Financial Crisis? Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704698004576104500524998280.html Weisberg, J. (2010). What Caused the Economic Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_big_idea/2010/01/what_caused_the_economic_crisis.html Wilson, D, J. (2012). Government Spending: An Economic Boost? Retrieved from http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2012/el2012-04.html

Looking At The Childrens Literature English Literature Essay

Looking At The Childrens Literature English Literature Essay Childrens Literature plays a vital role in determining the society to its sublimity. Children are no more considered as vulnerable, but as solid pillars of the world. There lies an imperative in nurturing the young minds with healthy thoughts and disciplined behaviors. Childrens literature is continued to be seen as a crucial resource in nurturing the childs progress from basic literacy to a level of critical and cultural literacy necessary for effective adult life (Hollindale, 18)  [1]  . As Lens Unsworth has pointed out Margaret Meeks notion, it is the kinds of texts that children have access to and the kinds of interactions experienced around texts that influence the kind of readers they become (5)  [2]  . Literature written for children offers enjoyment, stirs imagination and inspiration, gives a vicarious experience by viewing situations from perspectives other than their own. Literature helps children to gain an appreciation of the universality of human beings, and unde rstand the oneness of all human beings, though bounded with multicultural way of living. Literature with moral reasoning gives an experience for young people to formulate their own concepts of right and wrong and build a morally actuated life. Research in Childrens literature offers the opportunity for a meticulous examination of the literature of the child and it links the child, the author, the text, and the world outside literature. Researchers have created an enthusiasm to study the rhetoric or form by accepting the self contained world of the text. Analysis of euphony, rhythm, or meter, style and stylistics, symbol, image, metaphor, and mythic elements are common in such type of studies. There are also a group of linguistic scholars who might define their work as examining what is said and how it is said (Vandergrift, 26, 37)  [3]  .The work of every scholar varies in the approach made to the literary text, the present study views the famous works of Ruskin Bond with a psychological point of view, analyzing the Psychosocial factors in Ruskin Bonds selected short stories. 1.2 Defining Childrens Literature Childrens literature forms the soul of a nation. Childrens literature is a body of written works primarily for the purpose of entertainment and information for children from birth to adolescence, covering topics of relevance and interest to Children of world classics literature, picture books, and story books precisely written or orally transmitted materials for readers categorized under the age of thirteen (www.britannica.com).  [4]  Childrens literature is that body of writing and accompanying illustrations, primarily composed for young people (249)  [5]  A common definition of Childrens Literature is defined in two ways, literature that is written for children and chosen by or for children. Separating it for a particular group alone will never give the clear definition, valuing their content and quality will make the definition stronger. 1.2.1 The Content Contents are important in defining Childrens Literature. Childrens books are about the experiences of both good and bad. The subject matter of the Childrens Literature can either be in prose or poetry. Experiences of past, present, or future; whether enjoying a birthday party, getting a new pet, losing a tooth for the first time or even dealing with the family problems are common experiences faced by the children today. Contents of various topics such as monsters, dinosaurs, dragons, fighter planes, natural disasters, which may not be a part of the childhood lessons, are still included for their interest. Fantasy or reality, the interest and dreams of Children never decrease. The more children learn about the world, the better chances to realize about themselves. Paul Hazard says in his book about the appeal of children to the adults: Give us books, give us wingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Show us fairies strolling about in the moonlight. We are willing to learn everything that we are taught at school, but, please, let us keep our dream (Hazard, 4).  [6]   David in Author and Artists states that every childs story should present images of the world they are to venture, and David supports this with the words of C.S. Lewis, Children ought to be produced with the knowledge that the world has events of violence, death, wounds, and adventures. There should never be a false impression made that the world is a peaceful place. The world has mixed personalities and children are to deal with villains, ruffians or cruel enemies in the stories. Knowledge of all these from the stories during their childhood days may prevent them from falling into the darker side of life. Let writers produce stories with wicked kings and beheadings, giants and dragons and let tragedy of villains be present at the end of stories. Dreadful events or people will cause a little fear, but will always help children to become courageous. (twilightswarden.wordpress.com)  [7]   1.2.2 The Quality Literature with quality has to do with creativity, significance of the ideas, artistic use of the language, and beauty of literary and artistic style which keeps the work fresh and meaningful forever in the minds of young readers. There are some exceptions; books which have never won any literary prizes are still the best Childrens books that offer readers enjoyment as well as memorable characters and valuable insights into the human condition. Pushkin Passey in summing up Ruskins essay The Lamp Is Lit says, And there are many brave and good Indian writers, who work in their own language be it Bengali or Oriya or Telugu or Marathi or fifteen to twenty others and plough their lonely furrow without benefit of agent or media blitz or Booker prize. Some of them may despair. But even so, they work on in despair. Their rewards may be small, their readers few, but it is enough to keep them from turning off the light. For they know that the pen, in honest and gifted hands, is mightier than the grave.  [8]   Until the 20th century, Childrens Literature was the medium through which children had a privilege to learn the culture of different nations and people groups. Today children have the access to digital media, so childrens books are now only of several sources of socializing material, of education, information, commentary, and entertainment albeit an important one (Emer OSullivan, 5)  [9]   1.3 The History and Development of Childrens Literature Childrens literature has got its name from the mid half of the nineteenth century and still there is a doubt on the history of its origin. The earliest History of Childrens literature began with the oral tradition. The older people narrated their experiences with several imaginations of entertainment to the younger ones, though the language and dialects varied according to the location, the written form of those stories took ample amount of time but had a good beginning. The History of Childrens Literature crossed various major milestones including the oral tradition, there was a scarce for the printed books for the children to write because of the expense to print a book was much. Before the Puritans influence William Caxton the first English printer published Recuyell of the History of Troy (1474), and was also responsible for the first editions of The Fables of Aesop, Reynard the Fox and Le Morte Darthur. Though these editions were made for the adult audience, children were intere sted and attracted in reading them. (Gillespie,13)  [10]  . The instructional books opened with the letters of the alphabet, as well as a short catechism. Around 1538 in London, Thomas Petyt published a primer which included the alphabet, a table of vowels and syllables, prayers and a grace for meals. Horn books, letter boards shaped like the paddles later known as battledores, included the Lords Prayer, an invocation to the trinity, the vowels, a table of syllables, and nine digits. Other forms of teaching the alphabet included needle samplers and gingerbread, which was printed with the designs of the letters. The home page of Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society briefs more on the history of this literature. The first picture book in 1659 was especially designed for children by Charles Hoole. .By the end of Eighteenth century some cheap booklets known as the Chapbooks were sold, this included the popular folktales like the Robin Hood, Dick Whittington, and the Arabian Nights became available for both adult and child ren.  [11]     Prolific writers like Walter Crane, Kate Greenaway and Ralph Caldecott contributed the best during their period. Walter crane the most prolific writer and influential Childrens book creator of his generation worked in developing designs and picture books for children with Edmund Evans, a famous publisher in London and also for the house of George Routledge Sons (Walter Crane)  [12]  . The age of Puritans was the earliest to create a bulk of childrens books. Childrens literature in this age covered religious and moral education. James Janeways A Token for Children: Being an Exact Account of the Conversion, Holy and Exemplary -Lives and Joyful Deaths of Several young Children (1672) showed growth in the spiritual life in spite of the physical weakness. John Bunyans A Book for Boys and Girls (1686), Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719), Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels, John Locke and others were great contributions of Childrens literature during the consecutive years. John Ne wberry The Father of Childrens Literature was the first to introduce the printed books to the literary market. A Little Pretty Pocket -Book and Little Goodly Two-Shoes by Newberry was the first to be published in London. Nineteenth century monthly magazines were serialized with alphabets and words or a rhyming verse accompanied by an image for each letter. Harry Potter (1997) by J.K. Rowling gained immense popularity and in the end of 2011 about 450 million copies were sold. 1.4 Childrens Literature in India India is referred as the cradle of Childrens literature because of its rich oral tradition and the Panchatantra. In India Childrens literature has been there from ancient times. Oral fiction started with Panchatantra, a compilation of Vishnu Sharma to innocent young princes, but covetous. Panchatantra an ancient collection have served as the core for the growth of many Indian writers and story tellers in English. Panchatantra is the first piece of literature and a moral literature for youngsters. Folktales and folklores were available in different languages and dialects. Folks were proposed on the culture and traditional values of that particular society and were orally transmitted from one generation to the next generation. Another type of oral fiction was the lullabies, short songs sung during the bed times for infants and children. The infant melodies were composed with rhyming words and pleasant music for the infants to hear. Later, not all but some are transformed in written for ms. The literatures written in Sanskrit, the historical Indo- Aryan language contains works of poetry, drama, dharma texts and also the scientific, technical, philosophical texts. The ancient religious literatures are found in Sanskrit. Stories like the Jataka tales and Panchatantra had great impacts and inspiration for the successive writers. Though Childrens Literature was found in abundance in this large nation with its rich culture and heritage, only after the British colonial rule it was separated as a different genre for Children. Missionaries from England were the first to introduce teaching in a foreign language and it was a new eye opening to the Indians. Many religious literature and famous books of great men were translated in English. Translations of Childrens literature to the Indian children were mostly from the popular western literature. The colonizers language had given a great imprint in the minds of the Indians and works of the English writers became popular after the British rule in India. Literature from both the West and India were accepted though contradictory representations of realisms were there the Indian Child took the western as Modern and Indian as traditional. The western writers who had once influenced the minds of children lost their sway when the works of Indian writers were published meeting the intellectual needs of children. The childs perception of changing values has an impact on its reading interest. They look for more realistic and self centered themes. As Prema Srinivasan in her book Childrens fiction in English in India -Trends and Motifs writes generally progressive views on self fulfillment have displaced conventional conceptions of heroism and the fleeting comfort afforded by the happily ever after tags is discarded in favor of a more realistic rounding off (3)  [13]  . Around 1930 onwards story books were especially written for children. Association of Writer and Illustrators for Children (AWIC) 1981 has published stories poems plays and other library projects wholly for Children. The foreign organizations like International Book Fair and The Asian Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) provided a great exposure for the growth of Childrens literature in India (www.awic.in)  [14]  . Childrens literature in English in India had its good set up brought up by the eminent writers like R.K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Manoj Das, Sigrun Srivastava, Manorama Jafa, Arun Kumar Dutta, Shashi Deshpande, Jacqueline Singh and many others. Writers in regional language like Amir Khusro, Mirza Ghalib, Dr Zakir Hussain and Qudsia Zaidi in Urdu, Prem Chand in Hindi, Rabindranath Tagore, Upendrakishore Roy Chowdhury, Sukumar Ray, Satyajit Ray, Ashapurna Debi and Mahasweta Devi in Bengali, K.P. Kesava Menon, M. T. Vasudevan Nair in Malayalam, T. P. Kailasam in Kannada and a host of others (www.tulikabooks.com  [15]  ). Presently childrens literature has acquired an important place in India, several books trusts, and organizations are established to increase the literature for the young learners. National Book Trust (NBT), National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Childrens Book Trust (CBT) and other organizations produces new books to benefit the children of present generation. Recent Childrens Literature development projects were strengthened by publishers like Tara publishings, Tulika Publishers, DC Books, and Childrens Books Trust. Non-profit organizations like Pratham and Katha books have contributed in producing books of good content and also books in affordable prizes for everyone to buy. 1.5 Genres of Childrens Literature Genre is category of literary composition. It is a specific Category of artistic or literary accomplishment by form, technique and subject matter. Childrens literature has deserved its own genre to show a difference between the adult literatures in other terms the young adolescent literature (YA lit). The variety of books with different content created for Children on their interest are classified into separate categories. Childrens books are generally classified by the following genre illustrated in the table. Genres of Childrens Literature Poetry Prose Nursery rhymes Lyric poems Narrative poems Fiction Non fiction Fantasy Realism Concept books(including counting books) Information books Biographies Folk Literature Modern fantasy Realistic Fiction Myths Epics Legends Fables Fairy tales Literary fairy tales Animal fantasy Magical fantasy Heroic fantasy Science fiction Family stories Friendship Adventure/survival stories Mysteries Animal stories Sports stories Historical stories The selected short stories The Blue Umbrella, the Angry River, the Dust on the Mountain falls under the category of Realistic Fiction .Realistic Stories are didactic in nature, they teach morality and manners as well as entertain and educate. Experiences of Children are dual in nature, days of happiness and nights of sorrows. The younger generation of this world expects the protagonists to be real heroes and over comers of different entanglements. Real life situations are ready to be ventured by the children. These Realistic fictions refer to stories that could happen to mankind or would happen to people in the future. Marshall considers various components of realism in Literature: (60)  [16]  . Factual realism- descriptions of facts about actual people, class, and places are recorded accurately in a book. Situational realism- realism provided by situation that is not only possible but also likely to happen with identifiable characters making the events believable. Survival stories of life threatening situations are examples that are included in situational realism. Emotional realism- stories that deals with feelings and relationships. Social Realism- fictions that portray the society in both healthy and adverse conditions. Contemporary Realism-stories that describes the present condition focusing on social hazards such as alcoholism, racism, poverty, calamities and homelessness, mental disabilities, alienation from the main stream of society. In general, realistic fictions deal with topics drawn from all aspects of life, either adverse or favorable. The works of Ruskin Bond are from his unconditional love for India, the beauty in nature, choice of simple subjects and simplicity in expression are unique. Though most of his works are simple in subject and expressions, approaching his works in a psychological perspective gives a new meaning for the hidden truths. The selected short stories of Ruskin Bond portray adverse and discouraging social situations, such as homelessness, loss of objects, lack of parental care, death and others, yet these stories permit some cause for optimism. Ruskin Bond portrays Children as suffering protagonists and the conclusion is designed showing ways to trust and understand that problems are part and parcels of life and easy to overcome. Realistic fiction stories are made up of themes relevant for children. The earliest realistic stories such as Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe, books by John Newberry, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are classical examples of Realistic fiction stories. A new period of realistic fiction arouse after 1950s .Stories of unhappy endings, unpleasant constructions, inclusive of antisocial and controversial topics became permissible in children books. Realistic fictions changed the world of Childrens books. The theme of realistic stories provides ways of getting matured by facing and overcoming fears. Emotional experiences such as fears may be caused by external forces as well as internal dangers. In some of the short stories of Ruskin Bond young protagonists are valiant fighters made to overcome a physical or mental danger which is proportionately a measure to the maturing process. Realistic fictions are often with life threatening events, displacements, abandonment and others which reflect contemporary life will encourage, inspire and challenge students towards adulthood (Emer O Sullivan 130-35)  [17]  . 1.6 The Author: Ruskin Bond 1.6.1 The Childhood days Ruskin Bond an honoured contemporary author holds the best place among the modern writers of India. Owen Ruskin Bond the eldest son of Aubrey Alexander Bond was born on May 19th, 1934 at kasauli, a hill station near Sanawar, Himachal Pradesh. Bonds life was miserable; his Sister Ellen who was a little handicapped lived with her grandmother, his younger brother William lived in Calcutta. Bond stayed for a few months in all the cities where his father as a British Officer in Royal Air Forces moved from one station to another. The paternal grandfather of Ruskin Bond, Herbert Williams (1863) came to India as a foot soldier, married Gloriana Elizabeth Enever (1870), a German orphan. Five children were born in different cantonment towns in India. Herbert William died at the age of fifty leaving their children at a very young age. Gloriana (1902) the sister of Aubrey died at a young age and younger sister Alma Eveline (1903) died in an air crash just before the World War II. Later Bonds Fat her took his career in teaching. 1.6.2 The Early Anxieties When Bond was almost eight his mother Agnet Clark remarried another man from Dehradun, Mr.Hari. In some of his works like The Funeral and Once Upon a Monsoon Time he blames his mother for leaving his father during the days of his sickness and leaving Bond alone. Ruskin Bonds youth was terror stricken days, his parents unhappy married life, the sufferings and death of the dearly loved father, and loneliness had a great effect in his life. The positive adaptations of the depressed experiences are expressed in his works. At a young age being deserted by his mother was traumatic. The scrambled family life became worse as his loving Father A. Alexander died when Bond was ten. (Amita Aggarwal, 1)  [18]  . Bond was ill-fated to miss his fathers funeral. The only inheritance was the final letter written by his father anticipating the arrival of Bond for the summer vacation. After the death of Alexander, Bond felt insecure and neglected when he visited Agnet Clark the first time. Unhappy days and quarrelling with his mother gave him shelter in the train platforms and park benches. Then Bond made his way to London and began his career.( http://www.certified-easy.com).  [19]   1.6.3 The Career of Ruskin Bond Bond started his career as a junior clerk in a solicitors office at Jersey, then in a travel agency without any proper experience took over the third job in carrying pay packets to the workers in the Channel Island. The Room on the Roof, helped him to be awarded with The John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize (1957) and lighted bond career into a self esteemed position. It was the right beginning with all trivial experiences that made Bond to portray and express his thoughts in various genres of Literature (Amita Aggarwal, 3). 1.6.4 Works and Achievements Ruskin Bond the pioneer of Childrens literature in India remains a tremendous writer and his contributions are several. Bonds first novel The Room on the Roof (1956) won him John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, a major British Literary prize in 1957 and Sahitya Academy Award for his novel Our Trees Still Grow in Delhi (1991). After his first award bond decided to stay in India and began his writing career successfully spanned it for more than five decades. The government of India awarded him the Padmabhushan title for his English Literature for children in 1999.one of Bonds famous work The Angry River was published in India, France, Germany, Denmark and Italy. Bonds works are of great interest to children, the protagonists are none other than the children themselves. For instance in The Blue Umbrella, the little girl Binya thinks that her beautiful Umbrella is a treasured possession and thinks very proud that she has got the best umbrella in her village. In the Hidden Pool winning a beetle rac e is as great as winning a big tournament. The animal stories are also of great interest, the Grandfathers Private Zoo , Tiger Tiger Burning Bright , and others stories are pleasure giving to children and factual. Bond has written several novels like, Vagrants in the Valley, A Flight of Pigeons and Delhi is Not Far, and a collection of essays like The Lamp Is Lit, poems, more than five hundred short stories and Childrens books. Bond has written some articles with varying topics from ghosts to buffaloes, and some of them were published in The Sunday Statesman, The Hindu and the Tribute. Ruskin Bond caused a great influence in the tender hearts of children, the government has added some of his works like, The Night Train at Deoli, Time Stops At Shamli, and Our Tree Still Grow In Dehra. Some of his works are adapted into movies. The Flight of Pigeons was adapted into a Merchant Ivory movie, Junoon, in 2007 his famous work The Blue Umbrella was made into a film and the movie won the National Award for Best Childrens film. (www.readingrainbow.in)  [20]   Being a famous writer there are some darker sides of life that are expressed in his novellas. The selected short stories are chosen with a reason to show that there are psychological aspects (factors) of both biological and social are mentioned. The loss/distress/ anxiety caused by the factors are studied/ analyzed with the Object Relation theorist D.W. Winnicotts concept. The characters and their plot best suit the experiment of psychoanalysis. Bond has not written novellas with an attitude of entertainment but also for information/lesson for the readers. The selected short stories have immense information for both the society and family in making the younger generation to build a healthy nation. 1.7 The Three Short Stories 1.7.1 The Blue Umbrella- The story is set in a small village where Binya the heroine had two cows, Nellu the blue grey cow and Gori the white fair one. Like most mountain girls Binya was quite sturdy, fair skinned, with pink cheeks and dark eyes and her black hair tied in a pigtail. She wore pretty glass bangles and a leopard claw necklace. This lucky charm was traded for a pretty, frilly, blue, silk, umbrella which was like a flower, a great blue flower that sprung upon the dry brown hillside. Most of the people were envious on Binyas umbrella. The richest man in the village Mr. Ram Bharosa tried to possess the treasured possession of a poor cultivators daughter. This deceitfulness and the treachery encountered to Binya marks the climax of the story. Old Bharosa named as the trusty umbrella thief was excommunicated by the society, underwent a transformation and renowned his name Ram the trustworthy.Binya though younger than Bharosa, was yet a warm giver of her treasured possession. Bharosa too complemented the umbrella for a silver pendent with a bears claw which was even luckier than the leopards claw. Binya sang and walked home through the darkening glade. The trees stood still and listened to her and the mountains were glad. (Ruskin Bond The Blue Umbrella  [21]  ) 1.7.2 The Angry River- The story starts with the description of a big river and the small island in the middle of it, with a small family of Sita, her Grandfather and Grandmother. Three goats, some hens and a small vegetable garden were their possessions. The family lived in a small house with three sides made out of mud, and the other side of the wall was mounted on a big rock. Monsoon has started and there were possibilities of a flood. The old man and his sick wife with the three goats rode swiftly on the river and reached the other bank making their way to the hospital at Shanganj. The little heroine is left alone and her misfortunes started. The rain started pouring out, and the water level increased, village flooded; things were floating, a drowned buffalo being carried rapidly downstream (The Angry River 29). Sitas worst fears increased. River roared higher and their little house was drowned in water. Her only refuge was the tall Peepul tree. Rain poured unabated, her only companion friend Mumta, a little doll stitched with the rag cloths was carried by the forceful current of the river. Sita felt the pain in her arms and at a moment of losing her grip from the branch, she heard a voice reaching out to help and it was Krishna. After tuff turmoil throughout the night Krishna takes her to Shanganj. The next day Sita saw the dazed look in the eyes of the old man, Sita made out that her Grandmother is no more. Grandfather and Sita returned to the island after few days and rebuilt the mud hut. Sita planted a mango tree hoping that she will feast one day sitting on it. Her new companion friend returned playing the flute for her. Sometimes the river is angry, and sometimes it is kind, said Sita. We are part of the river said the boy. We cannot live without it. It is a good river, deep, and strong, beginning in the mountains and ending in the sea. (Ruskin Bond 83, The Angry River).  [22]   1.7.3 The Dust on the Mountain- The summer scourged, the dry winter season began, the hill side was brown and the fields were bare. Bishnu the little protagonist had a lean ox ploughing the hard ground with an old plough. The forest fire was rampant and thousands of Himalayan trees were perishing. The family waited for the monsoon but not a glimpse of symptoms for the rain. The fatherless family waited long to survive the barrenness, nothing to store for the upcoming winter. Bishnu, the man of his family decided to step out and earn money, took a two days journey to Mussoorie and found a job in the cinema tea stall. With a warning to handle the cups and plates carefully Bishnu is fixed at fifty rupees a month. A little servant with family burden worked serving tea and samosas, even kicked on the shin by a college student for having spilt tea on the students shoes. Bishnu managed the cruelty for the sake of the family. After the month of September Bishnu and Chittru set out for limestone quarries which is an eight m ile journey from Mussoorie. They neared the quarries; the limestone dust

Society and Characters in The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Nathaniel Hawthorne chose the market place and the forest as settings used to symbolically develop his portrait of society and the characters in The Scarlet Letter. In this novel a story unfolds of three people who are torn apart by sin, revenge, and guilt. The market place reveals to the reader a place of restraint and severe Puritan laws. The setting of the forest yields the impressions of wild unrestraint and passion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The market place paints a careful picture of restraint and law that seldom delves into the depths of raw human emotion. As we study the buildings, we receive an equally strict message. The churches plant a vision of austere religion and conformity into the minds of eager readers. The closeness of the buildings in proximity to one another demonstrates the level of care and interest each member of the population is meant to take in the others. One of the most prominent structures in the market place is the scaffold. 'It was in short, the platform of the pillory; and above it rose the framework of that instrument of discipline, so fashioned as to confine the human head in its tight grasp, and thus holding it up to public gaze. The very ideal of ignominy was embodied and made manifest in this contrivance of wood and iron'; (56). It was made clear that this structure was a symbol of punishment to the people, but it also came to be a symbol of sin, guilt, death, and release. How did this structure take on so many meanings throughout the book? The answer is that each time there was an event occurring at the scaffold, each of the main characters was present. The place that Hawthorne chose to unite the characters and hoard symbolic meaning was the scaffold. In the second chapter, entitled 'The Market-Place,'; the reader is first introduced to Hester Prynne as she serves her punishment on the scaffold with her child, Pearl, in her arms. A careful survey of this scene reveals her minister Dimmesdale above the scaffold and her husband, Chillingworth, in the crowd. From the very beginning, Hawthorne has brought these characters together in the ominous presence of the scaffold.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In chapter seven, entitled 'The Minister's Vigil,'; we find Dimmesdale standing atop the scaffold with his arms outstretched to his mundane lover and daughter. Chillingworth also emerges out of the darkness to call in the minister. In the final scaffold scene, we see the minister openly admit his sin, with Hester and Pearl by his side, and Chillingworth at the bottom of the

Technology Past and Present Essays -- essays papers

Technology Past and Present Abstract Computers are in most schools in the United States. Most states have addressed the need to adopt technology standards in curriculum. As the spotlight focuses on technology integration and academic achievement, school districts are focusing on staff development as an integral part of the technology integration process. The role of computers in the classroom has changed from a support tool for basic skills and content using tutorial and remediation practice to an integral part of the instructional process. More households now have computers and Internet access and most parents believe the computer is an important tool in a child’s education. The Internet provides a wealth of information, resources, and a network throughout the world that facilitates the exchange and communication of ideas not available in the traditional classroom. Research has shown that technology does play a major role in providing an environment for increased student motivation and achievement. Technology has a powerful and positive impact on instruction today especially when staff development and technology integration is an integral part of the process. Educators have clearly underutilized technology in the classroom but it should not be confused with the significance of the role of technology in the educational process. Technology in this research paper is defined as a computer and online resources. The thrust of this paper is to explore some positive events that represent the role of technology in the educational process of children. In the article Past and Present Research Findings on Computers and Related Technology in Education, Fouts (2001) concludes that researchers have used different approaches ... ... (2001). Research on computers and education: past, present and future. Teacher Leadership Seminars, 1-27. Grunwald Associates and C&R Research,. (2003). Connected to the future: A report on children's internet use from the corporation for public broadcasting. Retrieved June 16 2003, from http://cpb.org/ed/resources/connected Honey, M. (1999). Perspectives on Technology and Education Research: Lessons From the Past and Present. Retrieved November 25 2003, from http://www2.edc.org/CCT/index.asp Kay, A. (2003). How children will finally invent personal computing. Paper presented at the National Educational Computing Conference, Seattle, WA. http://member.minds.tv/neccschedule.asp. Stratford, S.J. (1997) A review of computer-based model research in precollege science classrooms. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 16(1), 3-23.

The Odyssey :: essays research papers

Ten years after the fall of Troy, the victorious Greek hero Odysseus has still not returned to his native Ithaka. A band of rowdy suitors, believing Odysseus to be dead, has overrun his palace, courting his faithful†¹though weakening†¹wife, Penelope, and going through his stock of food. With permission from Zeus, the goddess Athena, Odysseus' greatest immortal ally, appears in disguise and urges Odysseus' son Telemakhos to seek news of his father at Pylos and Sparta. However, the suitors, led by Antinoos, plan to ambush him upon his return. Odysseus' most prominent characteristic is his cunning; Homer's Greek audience generally admired the trait but occasionally disdained it for its dishonest connotations. Odysseus' skill at improvising false stories or devising plans is nearly incomparable in Western literature. His Trojan horse scheme (recounted here and written about in The Iliad) and his multiple tricks against Polyphemos are shining examples of his ingenuity, especially when getting out of jams. Both examples indirectly relate to another dominant pattern in The Odyssey: disguise. (The soldiers "disguise" themselves in the body of the Trojan horse, while Odysseus and his men "disguise" themselves as rams to escape from Polyphemos.) Odysseus spends the last third of the poem disguised as a beggar, both to escape from harm until he can overthrow the suitors and to test others for loyalty. In addition, Athena appears frequently throughout the poem, often as the character Mentor, to provide aid to Odysseus or Telemakhos. Though he is usually a smart, decisive leader, Odysseus is prone to errors, and his deepest flaw is falling prey to temptation. His biggest mistakes come in the episode with Polyphemos as he first foolishly investigates the Kyklops' lair (and ends up getting trapped there), and then cannot resist shouting his name to Polyphemos after escaping (thus incurring Poseidon's wrath). If Odysseus' character changes over the course of The Odyssey, though, it pivots around temptation. After his errors with Polyphemos, Odysseus has his crew tie him up so he can hear†¹but not follow†¹the dangerously seductive song of the Seirenes. Disguised as a beggar in Ithaka, he is even more active in resisting temptation, allowing the suitors to abuse him as he bides his time. Temptation hurts his crew, as well, in their encounters with Kirke, the bag of winds from Aiolos, and the oxen of Helios. As Telemakhos tracks Odysseus' trail through stories from his old comrades-in-arms, Athena arranges for the release of Odysseus from the island of the beautiful goddess Kalypso, whose prisoner and lover he has been for the last eight years.

African American Reconstruction Essay

?Reconstruction in the 1800’s can have a lot of different meanings. For some the reconstruction was the rejoining of the two sides that fought in the civil war, the North and the South. For others in government it was the presidential reconstruction after the death of Lincoln. Most importantly for some reconstruction mean finally being a free man with right and who could vote and provide for his family. The African Americans were a big part of reconstruction, just being freed by the passing of the thirteenth amendment which was adopted on December 6, 1865. This new law stated â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. † Being freed was a step in the right direction for the African American, but anything not properly followed through with can end up undoing itself. Unfortunately for the African Americans in the south the progress towards freedom and citizenship and equality had hoped for took a terrible turn for the worse and most of their dreams were crushed. The north removing their army from the south to settle a dispute over who would be president undid what the 14th and 15th amendment were set to do and with no enforcement of them and the black codes life for the average African American remained one filled with difficulties and racism. In 1863 the emancipation proclamation was written to give freedom to all slaves in the rebel states, soon following that the Thirteenth amendment was passed. This Thirteenth amendment took the emancipation proclamation one step further and freed the slaves wherever they may be. Now the mass of newly freed African Americans in the South had to face the difficulties of getting a life started while being surrounded by many angry white Southerners. It granted them their freedom, but did nothing to guarantee them with voting rights, benefits, or the same opportunities as their white countrymen. Imagine you spent your whole life surrounded by people who considered you less than a person. To them you were just a mass of living space that only had the brain capacity to do simple jobs. Once you received a certain document, that says you are a full human being with all the capabilities of others, do you think those people would instantly accept this change and consider you an equal in society? When the civil war came to a close, the White Southerners moved quickly to put an end to the African American’s newfound freedom. They wanted a way to return African Americans back to what they were before the war, which were slaves. In order to do this without getting in too much trouble from the north they had to do it in a way that seemed neutral and fair to all races. Anyone with common sense however could tell that these laws were passed specifically to limit African Americans. These laws started out as what were commonly referred to as the black codes. These were a set of laws that were applied specifically to African Americans to help keep them in a form of slavery. Some of these laws were. â€Å"No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties†. â€Å"Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master†. â€Å"Servants must assist their masters â€Å"in the defense of his own person, family, premises, or property†. â€Å"No person of color could become an artisan, mechanic, or shopkeeper unless he obtained a license from the judge of the district court – a license that could cost $100 or more. † These laws however didn’t stick around forever and then the Jim Crow Laws were put into place. The Jim Crow laws stated that it is okay for African Americans and whites to be separate as long as they were equal. Even the Supreme Court said that Jim Crow Laws were constitutional even though the stuff that the African Americans got was so much less quality. â€Å"For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them. † This quote was stated by the name of Houston Hartsfield Holloway following the passing of the thirteenth amendment. Most of these African Americans didn’t know how to be free and adapting to this new life was extremely difficult. These Freeman had to now face the difficult task of not only dealing with the racism of the white southerners living around then but also needed to get jobs. The freedman bureau was then created to try and help newly freed slaves get on their feet. The freedman bureau created March 3, 1865 main focus was to† provide food and medical care, to help the freedmen to resettle, to ensure justice for the freedmen, to manage abandoned or confiscated property, to regulate labor, and to establish schools. † Now that it was legal for these newly freed men to learn, establishing school in which they could learn was very important. These schools would help them learn trades and skills to help them get jobs. While the freedman’s bureau did not establish schools itself, it coordinated and helped to finance the activities of northern societies committed to black education. It is stated in the Voices of Freedom book written by Eric Foner that by the year 1969 only four years after the thirteenth amendment was passed nearly 3000 schools were established in the south. More impressive than that, these schools have more than 150000 pupils. The bureau was able to give former slaves most of the basics like food, shelter, clothing, and a way to make a living. Without being given the basics there is no way the African Americans would ever be able to take care of themselves and support their families. They needed help adapting to the new freedoms they were given, just as white men had to adapt to them being free, (although most of the time white men still treated them like dirt). The passing of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments helped to make great strides towards equality for African Americans. This amendment was the â€Å"heart† of Congress’ reaction to Johnson’s reconstruction plan and said that all people born in the United States are citizens. This upturned the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. In this case it stated that persons of African descent were not citizens and therefore not entitled to constitutional rights. On top of that it also prohibited states from revoking â€Å"life, liberty or property† without due process of law. Finally it required states to guarantee equal protection under the law. All states were required to ratify it. It was of course to get some of the southern states to ratify a law like this that on top of giving freedom to African Americans would also give them civil rights. Just because the fourteenth amendment said something, which did not mean that it would be enforced. The Military and Reconstruction Act of 1867 however, was passed to make sure that it was. The funny thing about this act is, on the very last day of session for congress, and the congress that was currently fighting with the current president to the point where they tried to kick him out of office overrode his veto and had it passed. The Ten Confederate States that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment were divided into five military districts. Each military district was put under the direction of a military governor authorized to appoint and remove state officials. Voters were registered, and suffrage was extended to freedmen. State constitutional conventions were called, and elected delegates were charged with drafting new constitutional provisions providing for black suffrage. Finally, states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission. The congress didn’t stop here however; they later passed even more military reconstruction acts. â€Å"The new acts directed military commanders to register voters, call conventions, and organize elections, rather than wait for state officials to act. In the face of recalcitrance from Johnson’s executive branch and white southerners attempting to subvert the law, Congress in July 1867 passed a third Reconstruction Act, declaring the existing state governments in the South illegal and subject to military control and the U. S. Congress. † In an attempt to delay the creation of new state governments, some southern whites turned to a provision of the first Reconstruction Act requiring that a majority of registered voters was necessary to ratify a new constitution and called for a boycott of the ratifying election. On March 11, 1868, Congress passed a fourth and final Reconstruction Act that allowed a majority of those voting to ratify a new constitution, regardless of the size of the attendance. President Johnson, being the leader of this nation at the time, worked to delay and obstruct the army from enforcing these laws. The main job of the fifteenth amendment was to give the right of vote to any male of any race. Section two of this article also said â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. † This sounds great at first that the African Americans will not be able to vote with no problems. This, as good as it looked in writing, would ultimately fail in some places due to the terrorist threats that were places upon African Americans who planned on voting. During reconstruction African Americans were brandished political power in the south for the first time. Most of these men were those who either lived in the north or lived abroad, and were educated. Before holding political power most were either lawyers or teachers. Black political power was unfortunately short-lived. Northern politicians grew increasingly conciliatory to the white South, so that by 1872 virtually all leaders of the Confederacy had been pardoned and were again able to vote and hold office. The white men were able to take back the south by putting economic pressure on the blacks and by threatening them. One of the biggest ways in which the blacks were threatened was by the Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK. The Ku Klux Klan was originally organized in the winter of 1865-66 in Pulaski, Tennessee as a social club by six Confederate veterans. It started out small and was kept secret at first. When the Klan was first formed they had no violent intentions in mind. After they had a large amount of growth however it turned from a group of people into a terrorist organization. The Klan systematically murdered black politicians and political leaders. It beat, whipped, and murdered thousands, and intimidated tens of thousands of others from voting. The African Americans of course tried to fight back to this injustice at first but because they were outnumbered and had no guns, they didn’t have a chance. â€Å"A 103-year-old woman was whipped, as was a completely paralyzed man. In Georgia, Abraham Colby, an organizer and leader in the black community, was whipped for hours in front of his wife and children. † The KKK’s main objective was white supremacy but President Grant responded to their attacks. In the year 1868 Ulysses S. Grant ran for office and used the slogan â€Å"let us have peace†. After getting the fifteenth amendment passed, the Enforcement Acts were passed, which made it a crime to interfere with registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of blacks. Because of this new law over a 1000 members of the KKK who violated it and interfered were convicted. On top of this act to protect the African Americans there was also the Ku Klux Klan act. These new acts made it so it was okay for the government to interferer and help put a stop against terrorist acts. This act although it did help a little was not greatly enforced. In the year of 1876 was the presidential election of Samuel J. Tilden vs. the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. In this election Hayes ended up winning the popular vote, but as far as electoral votes went it was a tie. This was a big problem and a hard decision to appease until there was the Compromise of 1877. This Compromise would swing the vote away from the Democrats and to the Republicans in return for the removal of all remaining troops from the south. It was on that day that the period of reconstruction would end and the reconstruction for African American would begin to go backwards in the south. Africans Americans were given a sliver of hope and promised to be free equal man just to have the government not follow up on its promise. With all of the troops now removed from the south there was no one there to help protect them or to enforce the laws in which gave them freedoms and rights. They never did go completely back to the way it was before the civil war, but because of how in those net couple of years segregation and discrimination could have been eliminated it is just as tragic. African American Reconstruction helped lay out a great pathway for African Americans to become truly equal and free men in the United Stated. Unfortunately because of their not being enough support from the government they would get to walk down that path to equality for many years later.